Albert Fishlow is Professor Emeritus at both the University of California-Berkeley and Columbia University. He was a Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow for International Economics at the Council of Foreign Relations and professor of economics and director of the Center for International & Area Studies at Yale University. He served as deputy assistant secretary of state for Inter-American Affairs from 1975 to 1976, and received the National Order of the Southern Cross from the government of Brazil in 1999. He has written extensively about the Brazilian economy, with seminal contributions ranging from the history and impact of import substitution, industrialization policies and debt crises, income distribution and social welfare, inflation and macroeconomic policies.